A practical reference on PPAR delta: what it is, how it behaves, what the literature reports, and where the honest uncertainties sit.
This page was last updated on 2026-03-21 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
In laboratory settings, cardarine is studied as a tool compound for probing PPARδ biology. Published experiments often use cell cultures, rodent models, or isolated tissues. Some investigations focus on metabolic effects, while others assess potential risks such as carcinogenicity observed in long-term animal studies. Because human trials are sparse, most knowledge comes from preclinical work and adverse event reports. Scientific literature frequently notes the gap between animal findings and human outcomes. The compound is not a dietary supplement and is not intended for human consumption.
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, a synthetic compound developed in the 1990s through research collaborations involving GlaxoSmithKline. It belongs to a class of molecules known as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonists. Early studies explored its effects on lipid metabolism and energy expenditure in animal models. The compound was never approved as a human medicine, and clinical development was discontinued. In the years since, it has appeared in fitness and bodybuilding communities as a performance-enhancing substance. Regulatory agencies classify it as an unapproved drug.
Detection of GW501516 in biological samples generally relies on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Urine is a common matrix in anti-doping analysis, while blood or plasma may be used in research settings. Sample preparation can involve enzymatic hydrolysis, protein precipitation, or solid-phase extraction before instrumental analysis. Because the compound undergoes metabolism, assays may target the parent molecule, one or more metabolites, or both. Detection windows are not fixed; they depend on factors such as dose, route, individual metabolism, and assay sensitivity. Reference standards are required for accurate identification and quantification.
Handling and quality assessment of cardarine reference material follow general laboratory practices for poorly characterized compounds. It typically appears as a white to off-white powder and is sparingly soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol. Storage recommendations usually specify a cool, dry, dark place, with long-term storage at low temperature and desiccation. Purity may be checked by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection, while identity is confirmed by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. No pharmacopeial monograph exists, so reported purity and stability depend on the supplier’s methods.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| CAS Registry Number | 317318-70-0 | Unique identifier for the compound. |
| Chemical class | PPARδ agonist | Synthetic ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta. |
| Appearance | White to off-white solid | Typical form of research-grade material. |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol | Poorly soluble in water. |
| Typical storage | -20°C | Recommended for long-term storage of stock solutions. |
Anti-doping laboratories identify GW501516 and its metabolites using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Urine is the usual matrix, and detection can occur after the parent compound has cleared from blood. The exact detection window depends on dose, formulation, individual metabolism, and assay sensitivity. Because the compound is prohibited at all times, athletes are subject to testing in and out of competition. Analytical methods continue to improve as new metabolites and designer analogs are characterized.
GW501516 acts as a ligand for PPAR delta, a nuclear receptor that regulates transcription of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and energy use. Activation of this receptor in skeletal muscle shifts metabolism toward fat burning in animal models. The compound does not burn fat directly; it changes gene expression over hours to days. Researchers study it to understand metabolic flexibility and exercise adaptation. Effects observed in rodents are not automatically expected in humans.
Published human data are sparse and mostly come from early-phase trials. Those studies examined short-term changes in lipids, glucose, and exercise capacity, but they were not large enough to establish efficacy or long-term safety. Some animal experiments reported increased running endurance, yet such findings do not prove a performance benefit in people. Anti-doping laboratories detect GW501516 and its metabolites in urine or blood using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Detection windows depend on dose, sample type, and individual metabolism. The method is sensitive enough to identify trace residues in tested samples.
Laboratory handling focuses on identity, purity, and stability. Reference standards are typically stored cold and dry, protected from light, because solutions can degrade over time. Analytical checks may use high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection or mass spectrometry. Impurities and related substances can be separated chromatographically and compared with a known standard. Because cardarine is not an approved drug, compendial monographs are absent, and laboratories often rely on in-house methods. Reported purity varies among unregulated products and should not be assumed from a label.
Legal status varies by country. In some places, cardarine is controlled under medicines or psychoactive substances laws; in others, it may be sold with minimal oversight as a research chemical. Customs agencies have intercepted shipments, and several national health agencies have issued warnings about products marketed for bodybuilding or performance enhancement. The lack of a standardized pharmaceutical supply means identity, purity, and contamination levels can differ widely between samples. These factors make cardarine a regulatory and public health concern rather than a conventional prescription drug.
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, a synthetic compound first described in the 1990s as a selective agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta. It was studied in preclinical models for metabolic and cardiovascular conditions, but it has not been approved as a medicine in the United States, Europe, or other major jurisdictions. Retail products labeled as cardarine are generally research chemicals or supplements, not pharmaceutical formulations. Because human safety and efficacy data remain limited, regulatory agencies treat it as an unapproved substance rather than a therapeutic product.
Gamow was not entirely wrong. Although his concept about the direct synthesis of amino acid from the DNA double strands was proven false, his prediction on the nature of amino acids and how they were coded by the DNA sequences (triplet nucleotides) were confirmed the key components of protein synthesis. This broad concept is now known as the genetic code. It was Crick, along with J.S. Griffith and Leslie Orgel (member of the RNA Tie Club), describing the 20-amino acid prediction as the "magic number," introduced the proper concept in 1957:[The] order of the amino acids is determined by the order of the nucleotides of the nucleic acid. There are some twenty naturally occurring amino acids commonly found in proteins, but (usually) only four different nucleotides. The problem of how a sequence of four things (nucleotides) can determine a sequence of twenty things (amino acids) is known as the 'coding' problem.As Crick was lecturing on his hypothesis, such adaptors do exist in nature was already discovered by the team of Mahlon Hoagland and Paul Zamecnik, whose paper was published the following year in March 1958. These "soluble RNAs" are now called transfer RNAs and mediate the translation of messenger RNAs on ribosomes according to the rules contained in the genetic code. Crick imagined that his adaptors would be small, perhaps 5-10 nucleotides long. In fact, they are much larger, having a more complex role to play in protein synthesis, and are closer to 100 nucleotides in length.
{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \nabla \phi }{\partial t}}+\nabla \left({\frac {\nabla \phi \cdot \nabla \phi }{2}}\right)=-\nabla \Psi -\nabla \int _{p_{1}}^{p}{\frac {d{\tilde {p}}}{\rho ({\tilde {p}})}}}
== Molecular structure and characteristics == GnSAF is a large molecule consisting of subunits that has the same structure as the carboxyl terminal fragment of human serum albumin (HAS). However, HSA, in its complete form, does not exhibit any GnSAF activity. The smallest biologically active fraction of GnSAF found in human follicular fluid is a peptide of molecular mass 12.5 kDA. The activity of other subunits has not yet been clarified, but it has been confirmed that more than one protein contributes to the attenuating effect of GnSAF. Since GnSAF is found in very low concentrations in the human follicular fluid, GnSAF in women has been difficult to isolate, sequence and conclusively characterise.
1st choice: Surgical amputation - break - prosthesis 2nd choice: Surgical amputation - transplantation of other tissue - plastic reconstruction. 3rd choice: Replantation - reconnection - revascularisation of amputated limb, by microscope (after 1969) 4th choice: Transplantation of cadaveric hand (after 2000)
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Ediya === Ediya is a mid-priced coffee chain, containing around 1,800 stores in South Korea since 2016. Founded in 2001, it is run by CEO Moon Chang-ki. In 2019, Ediya Coffee launched collaborated product with Kakao Friends (Kakaotalk; which is the famous Korean's communicating message app. It also has unique emoticons and those calls Kakao Friends). Collaboration In 2019, Ediya Coffee collaborated with Kakao Friends which are the representative characters of KakaoTalk company. The Kakao Friends are very popular because of its unique character cuteness feature and there's also Kakao Friends store where they sell character goods (accessories, dolls, golf wares, even the electronic products). With this popularity, Ediya coffee collaboration with Kakao Friends was successfully done. In March 2018, for the Spring signature drinks, Ediya Coffee launched 'Peach Blossom Latte', 'Peach Blossom Tea'. The following May, they released nine types of MD (character tumbler, water bottle, juice cup, straws etc.). The price range of MD's are from 1100 KRW to 12900 KRW(0.89 to 10.46 USD). Also released new drinks in the following year, in 2019 Ediya Coffee released three mini cakes that embody the appearance of the most popular characters (Apeach, Ryan, and Tube). Each of the cakes has different flavors depending on the character. Each cake costs 3500 KRW, which is 2.84 USD. The cakes that go well with coffee have drawn fervent responses from consumers.
=== EC 2.5.1: Transferring alkyl or aryl groups, other than methyl groups (only sub-subclass identified to date) === EC 2.5.1.1: dimethylallyltranstransferase EC 2.5.1.2: thiamine pyridinylase EC 2.5.1.3: thiamine-phosphate diphosphorylase EC 2.5.1.4: Now EC 4.4.1.42 adenosylmethionine cyclotransferase EC 2.5.1.5: galactose-6-sulfurylase EC 2.5.1.6: methionine adenosyltransferase EC 2.5.1.7: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase EC 2.5.1.8: transferred to EC 2.5.1.75, tRNA dimethylallyltransferase EC 2.5.1.9: riboflavin synthase EC 2.5.1.10: (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate synthase EC 2.5.1.11: Now covered by EC 2.5.1.84 (all-trans-nonaprenyl-diphosphate synthase [geranyl-diphosphate specific]) and EC 2.5.1.85 (all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate synthase [geranylgeranyl-diphosphate specific]) EC 2.5.1.12: deleted, now included with EC 2.5.1.18 glutathione transferase EC 2.5.1.13: deleted, now included with EC 2.5.1.18 glutathione transferase EC 2.5.1.14: deleted, now included with EC 2.5.1.18 glutathione transferase EC 2.5.1.15: dihydropteroate synthase EC 2.5.1.16: spermidine synthase EC 2.5.1.17: cob(I)yrinic acid a,c-diamide adenosyltransferase EC 2.5.1.18: glutathione transferase EC 2.5.1.19: 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase EC 2.5.1.20: rubber cis-polyprenylcistransferase EC 2.5.1.21: squalene synthase EC 2.5.1.22: spermine synthase EC 2.5.1.23: sym-norspermidine synthase EC 2.5.1.24: discadenine synthase EC 2.5.1.25: tRNA-uridine aminocarboxypropyltransferase EC 2.5.1.26: alkylglycerone-phosphate synthase EC 2.5.1.27: adenylate dimethylallyltransferase EC 2.5.1.28: dimethylallylcistransferase EC 2.5.1.29: farnesyltranstransferase EC 2.5.1.30: trans-hexaprenyltranstransferase EC 2.5.1.31: ditrans,polycis-undecaprenyl-diphosphate synthase [(2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate specific] EC 2.5.1.32: 15-cis-phytoene synthase EC 2.5.1.33: deleted, now covered by EC 2.5.1.82 hexaprenyl diphosphate synthase [geranylgeranyl-diphosphate specific] and EC 2.5.1.83 hexaprenyl diphosphate synthase [(2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate specific] EC 2.5.1.34: tryptophan dimethylallyltransferase EC 2.5.1.35: aspulvinone dimethylallyltransferase EC 2.5.1.36: trihydroxypterocarpan dimethylallyltransferase EC 2.5.1.37: Now EC 4.4.1.20, leukotriene-C4 synthase EC 2.5.1.38: isonocardicin synthase EC 2.5.1.39: 4-hydroxybenzoate polyprenyltransferase EC 2.5.1.40: Now EC 4.2.3.9, aristolochene synthase EC 2.5.1.41: phosphoglycerol geranylgeranyltransferase EC 2.5.1.42: geranylgeranylglycerol-phosphate geranylgeranyltransferase EC 2.5.1.43: nicotianamine synthase EC 2.5.1.44: homospermidine synthase EC 2.5.1.45: homospermidine synthase (spermidine-specific) EC 2.5.1.46: deoxyhypusine synthase EC 2.5.1.47: cysteine synthase EC 2.5.1.48: cystathionine γ-synthase EC 2.5.1.49: O-acetylhomoserine aminocarboxypropyltransferase EC 2.5.1.50: zeatin 9-aminocarboxyethyltransferase EC 2.5.1.51: β-pyrazolylalanine synthase EC 2.5.1.52: L-mimosine synthase EC 2.5.1.53: uracilylalanine synthase EC 2.5.1.54: 3-deoxy-7-phosphoheptulonate synthase EC 2.5.1.55: 3-deoxy-8-phosphooctulonate synthase EC 2.5.1.56: N-acetylneuraminate synthase EC 2.5.1.57: N-acylneuraminate-9-phosphate synthase EC 2.5.1.58: protein farnesyltransferase EC 2.5.1.59: protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I EC 2.5.1.60: protein geranylgeranyltransferase type II EC 2.5.1.61: hydroxymethylbilane synthase EC 2.5.1.62: chlorophyll synthase EC 2.5.1.63: adenosyl-fluoride synthase EC 2.5.1.64: The reaction that was attributed to this enzyme is now known to be catalysed by two separate enzymes: EC 2.2.1.9 2-succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic-acid synthase and EC 4.2.99.20 2-succinyl-6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate synthase EC 2.5.1.65: O-phosphoserine sulfhydrylase EC 2.5.1.66: N2-(2-carboxyethyl)arginine synthase EC 2.5.1.67: chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase EC 2.5.1.68: (2Z,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate synthase EC 2.5.1.69: lavandulyl diphosphate synthase EC 2.5.1.70: naringenin 8-dimethylallyltransferase EC 2.5.1.71: leachianone-G 2′′-dimethylallyltransferase EC 2.5.1.72: quinolinate synthase EC 2.5.1.73: O-phospho-L-seryl-tRNA:Cys-tRNA synthase EC 2.5.1.74: 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate polyprenyltransferase EC 2.5.1.75: tRNA dimethylallyltransferase EC 2.5.1.76: cysteate synthase EC 2.5.1.77: Now EC 2.5.1.147, 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil—L-tyrosine 4-methylphenol transferase and EC 4.3.1.32, 7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin synthase. EC 2.5.1.78: 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine synthase EC 2.5.1.79: thermospermine synthase EC 2.5.1.80: 7-dimethylallyltryptophan synthase EC 2.5.1.81: geranylfarnesyl diphosphate synthase EC 2.5.1.82: hexaprenyl diphosphate synthase [geranylgeranyl-diphosphate specific] EC 2.5.1.83: hexaprenyl diphosphate synthase [(2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate specific] EC 2.5.1.84: all-trans-nonaprenyl-diphosphate synthase (geranyl-diphosphate specific) EC 2.5.1.85: all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate synthase [geranylgeranyl-diphosphate specific] EC 2.5.1.86: trans,polycis-decaprenyl diphosphate synthase EC 2.5.1.87: ditrans,polycis-polyprenyl diphosphate synthase [(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate specific] EC 2.5.1.88: trans,polycis-polyprenyl diphosphate synthase [(2Z,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate specific] EC 2.5.1.89: tritrans,polycis-undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase [geranylgeranyl-diphosphate specific] EC 2.5.1.90: all-trans-octaprenyl-diphosphate synthase EC 2.5.1.91: all-trans-decaprenyl-diphosphate synthase EC 2.5.1.92: (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate synthase EC 2.5.1.93: 4-hydroxybenzoate geranyltransferase EC 2.5.1.94: adenosyl-chloride synthase EC 2.5.1.95: xanthan ketal pyruvate transferase EC 2.5.1.96: 4,4′-diapophytoene synthase EC 2.5.1.97: pseudaminic acid synthase EC 2.5.1.98: Rhizobium leguminosarum exopolysaccharide glucosyl ketal-pyruvate-transferase EC 2.5.1.99: The activity was an artifact caused by photoisomerization of the product of EC 2.5.1.32, 15-cis-phytoene synthase EC 2.5.1.100: fumigaclavine A dimethylallyltransferase EC 2.5.1.101: N,N′-diacetyllegionaminate synthase EC 2.5.1.102: geranyl-pyrophosphate—olivetolic acid geranyltransferase EC 2.5.1.103: presqualene diphosphate synthase EC 2.5.1.104: N1-aminopropylagmatine synthase EC 2.5.1.105: 7,8-dihydropterin-6-yl-methyl-4-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)aminobenzene 5′-phosphate synthase EC 2.5.1.106: tryprostatin B synthase EC 2.5.1.107: verruculogen prenyltransferase EC 2.5.1.108: 2-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)histidine synthase EC 2.5.1.109: brevianamide F prenyltransferase (deoxybrevianamide E-forming) EC 2.5.1.110: 12α,13α-dihydroxyfumitremorgin C prenyltransferase EC 2.5.1.111: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate 3-dimethylallyltransferase EC 2.5.1.112: adenylate dimethylallyltransferase (ADP/ATP-dependent) EC 2.5.1.113: [CysO sulfur-carrier protein]-thiocarboxylate-dependent cysteine synthase EC 2.5.1.114: tRNAPhe (4-demethylwyosine37-C7) aminocarboxypropyltransferase EC 2.5.1.115: homogentisate phytyltransferase EC 2.5.1.116: homogentisate geranylgeranyltransferase EC 2.5.1.117: homogentisate solanesyltransferase EC 2.5.1.118: β-(isoxazolin-5-on-2-yl)-L-alanine synthase EC 2.5.1.119: β-(isoxazolin-5-on-4-yl)-L-alanine synthase EC 2.5.1.120: aminodeoxyfutalosine synthase EC 2.5.1.121: 5,10-dihydrophenazine-1-carboxylate 9-dimethylallyltransferase EC 2.5.1.122: 4-O-dimethylallyl-L-tyrosine synthase EC 2.5.1.123: flaviolin linalyltransferase EC 2.5.1.124: 6-linalyl-2-O,3-dimethylflaviolin synthase EC 2.5.1.125: 7-geranyloxy-5-hydroxy-2-methoxy-3-methylnaphthalene-1,4-dione synthase EC 2.5.1.126: norspermine synthase EC 2.5.1.127: caldopentamine synthase EC 2.5.1.128: N4-bis(aminopropyl)spermidine synthase EC 2.5.1.129: flavin prenyltransferase EC 2.5.1.130: 2-carboxy-1,4-naphthoquinone phytyltransferase EC 2.5.1.131: (4-{4-[2-(γ-L-glutamylamino)ethyl]phenoxymethyl}furan-2-yl)methanamine synthase EC 2.5.1.132: 3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nonulopyranosonate 9-phosphate synthase EC 2.5.1.133: bacteriochlorophyll a synthase EC 2.5.1.134: cystathionine β-synthase (O-acetyl-L-serine) EC 2.5.1.135: validamine 7-phosphate valienyltransferase EC 2.5.1.136: 2-acylphloroglucinol 4-prenyltransferase EC 2.5.1.137: 2-acyl-4-prenylphloroglucinol 6-prenyltransferase EC 2.5.1.138: coumarin 8-geranyltransferase EC 2.5.1.139: umbelliferone 6-dimethylallyltransferase EC 2.5.1.140: N-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)-L-glutamate synthase EC 2.5.1.141: heme o synthase EC 2.5.1.142: nerylneryl diphosphate synthase EC 2.5.1.143: pyridinium-3,5-biscarboxylic acid mononucleotide synthase EC 2.5.1.144: S-sulfo-L-cysteine synthase (O-acetyl-L-serine-dependent) EC 2.5.1.145: phosphatidylglycerol—prolipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase EC 2.5.1.146: 3-geranyl-3-[(Z)-2-isocyanoethenyl]indole synthase EC 2.5.1.147: 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil—L-tyrosine 4-hydroxyphenyl transferase EC 2.5.1.148: lycopaoctaene synthase EC 2.5.1.149: lycopene elongase/hydratase (flavuxanthin-forming) EC 2.5.1.150: lycopene elongase/hydratase (dihydrobisanhydrobacterioruberin-forming) EC 2.5.1.151: alkylcobalamin dealkylase EC 2.5.1.152: D-histidine 2-aminobutanoyltransferase EC 2.5.1.153: adenosine tuberculosinyltransferase
=== Hari Dhar === Hari Dhar (Nabhaan Rizwan) is a new grad assigned to Pierpoint's IBD desk alongside Gus. Having come from a family of Indian immigrants and graduated from a state school, Hari feels out of place among Pierpoint's new grads, and overcompensates by working through the night at the office, sleeping in the bathrooms, skipping nights out with his colleagues, and abusing energy drinks and stimulant pills to stay awake. Within days, Hari dies of a heart attack in Pierpoint's bathroom stalls. Pierpoint does brief damage control before going back to business as usual. However, Hari's death causes many Pierpoint employees to reflect on the cutthroat culture of investment banking, and plays a role in Gus' eventual decision to leave the firm.
Some vented bottles, as well as bottles which use a collapsible liner collapses as the formula is drained, have been assessed favorably. They were reported to be comparable to a breastfeeding group in terms of milk intake, sucking patterns, and oxygenation. A 2012 study comparing two types of vented bottles with anti-vacuum features found no differences in infant growth between randomized groups. "Bottle A", a partial anti-vacuum design, was rated by parents as easier to assemble and clean. Infants fed using "Bottle A" were reported to engage in less "fussing", but no difference were found in "crying" or "colic" or in rates of ear infection. Health recommendations for the storage and handling of human milk typically focus on preventing the growth of dangerous bacteria, but some research is also being done on nutrition. Experimental studies have shown a degradation of retinol (Vitamin A) and α-Tocopherol (Vitamin E) content dependent upon the formation of bubbles in expressed breast milk and in formula. Seven models of bottles were studied, from six companies. Less degradation occurred when using a bottle feeding system designed to minimize the mixing of air with the bottle's contents.
== Products == There are thought to be a number of useful products that can potentially be manufactured in space and result in an economic benefit. Research and development is required to determine the best commodities to be produced, and to find efficient production methods. The following products are considered prospective early candidates:
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, a synthetic PPARδ agonist developed for research. It has not been approved as a medication in any country. It is classified as an unapproved drug and a prohibited substance in sport.
No. Cardarine is not an anabolic steroid; it belongs to a different chemical class that targets PPARδ. Steroids act primarily through androgen receptors, while cardarine acts through a nuclear receptor involved in metabolism.
Some rodent studies reported increased endurance and changes in fat metabolism after cardarine exposure. Long-term studies in animals also raised concerns about cancer in certain tissues. Human trial data are limited, so these findings cannot be directly translated to people.
Cardarine targets PPARδ, a nuclear receptor involved in lipid and energy metabolism. It does not bind the androgen receptor in the way SARMs do.